PTE writing sample papers-summarize written text paragraphs 74

PTE writing sample papers-summarize written text paragraphs

Read the passages below and summarize them using one sentence in not more than 75 words(30-35 words). Type your response in the comment section at the bottom of the screen. You have 10 minutes to finish each passage. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the key points in the passage.

1.

Today in almost every area of the world one chooses to look at there is a water problem – scarcity, depletion, pollution, lack of sanitation, failing rains due to global warming, big dam projects blocking up rivers, privatisation, inequities of distribution, cross-border conflict, profligate use and mismanagement. Take your pick. But let’s start with overuse.

We learn at school that freshwater on earth follows a cycle: it is constantly being replenished, some of it soaking into the ground and into vegetation, some of it meandering through streams and rivers on its way back to the sea. But at what stage of our lives do we forget this important lesson? The moment one starts using freshwater beyond the rate at which it can be replenished, the hydrological cycle is endangered.

The crisis is particularly acute in relation to our groundwater reserves, lying deep under the surface in aquifers, upon which a third of the world’s population depends. Water can take thousands of years to percolate into aquifers (some contain water from the last ice age). Some have since sealed up, allowing a little possibility of recharge. Because the reserves of water they hold are large, humans have been tapping them like there is no tomorrow. Currently, we are pumping out about 200 billion cubic meters more than can be recharged, steadily using up our water capital.

Take California with its manicured lawns and 560,000 swimming pools. Having taxed the Colorado River to the limit, the region’s aquifers are being guzzled up. By 2020 officials predict a water shortfall nearly equivalent to what the state is currently using. Another more distant water source needs to be found to gulp down. Consumption is the operative word for US water use.

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PTE writing sample papers-summarize written text paragraphs

2.

LAW AND ORDER

As Europeans began to make contact with the aboriginal denizens of the American forests and the remote islands of Oceania, much thought was given to what the original “state of nature” must have been like. Two interpretations were offered. There were those who shared the views of Sir Thomas Hobbes, the British philosopher, that people lacking a sovereign capable of compelling their obedience would destroy themselves in a “war of all against all.” Others, partial to the philosophical speculations of Jean Jacques Rousseau, argued that in “the state of nature” people were peaceful, orderly, honest, and courageous. According to Rousseau, this noble natural endowment was destroyed by the rise of civilization.

Firsthand study of life in a small village and band societies has provided little support for Rousseau’s idyll. Anthropologists have yet to find a culture that is completely harmonious, peaceful, and happy. Although modern anthropological research has led to the rejection of the myth of the noble savage. it nonetheless has confirmed the existence of a remarkable contrast between the way pre state and state-level societies prevent internal conflicts from threatening the survival of their respective populations. Both Rousseau and Hobbes were wrong but of the two. Hobbes was further from the truth.

The whole enormous apparatus of “law and order” associated with modern life is absent among village and band-level cultures. Yet there is no “war of all against all.” The Eskimo, the Bushmen of the Kalahari. the Australian aborigines and many other cultures enjoy a high degree of personal security without having any “sovereign” in Hobbes’s sense. They have no kings, queens, dictators, presidents, governors, or mayors; police officers, National Guard soldiers, sailors, or marines; CIA, FBI, Treasury agents, or federal marshals. They have no written law codes and no formal law courts; no lawyers, bailiffs, bondsmen, judges, district attorneys, juries, or court clerks; and no patrol cars, paddy wagons, jails, or penitentiaries. People managed to get along without these means of law enforcement for tens of thousands of years. Why are contemporary state-level societies so dependent upon them?

PTE writing sample papers-summarize written text paragraphs

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12 thoughts on “PTE writing sample papers-summarize written text paragraphs 74

  1. Nowadays, water is the major problem in the ecosphere, which resulted from excessive usage of fresh water beyond the requirement, the problem is severe in the case of groundwater reserves, as per officials if this continues then there will be a shortage of water in future.

  2. Water overuse problem is rising sharply day by day which is vulnerable for hydrological cycle as the rate of water humans are using seems insurmountable to recharge equivalent water.

  3. Even though the earlier civilization was neither completely harmonious nor the obedient sovereign; they enjoyed the higher degree of personal security; because they had effective socializing skills.

  4. Besides several water problems, the issue of consumption of water more that replenish rate has explained with help of multiple examples including utilisation of underground water by almost one third of human population in world or number of swimming pools at California

  5. Numerous factors account for water crisis but major one is man made disturbance in important water cycle by consuming with even in greater ratios than its recycling process via aquifer that require thousand of years to get refilled.

  6. With respect to “state of nature” people would either destroy themselves or live in harmony which was rare however both of these proved wrong by modern societies where people do live and enjoy without serving sovereignty.

  7. 2) Earlier for thousands of years village and band-level cultures neither required law and order nor any sovereign to enjoy their highest degree of security but today the modern community is completely dependent on them.

  8. The prediction of water shortfall in 2020 is aroused due to involvement of human for endangering hydro cycle by way of reserving more ground water than actually needed which obstructs it to percolate into aquifers.

  9. Despite having numerous problems, water consumption is the one we should pay attention to because the hydrological cycle is being disrupted by over pumping the water from the aquifer which is not being recharged and take thousands of years to turn into the water again.

  10. Water is at the core of sustainable development. Water resources, and the range of services they provide, underpin poverty reduction, economic growth and environmental sustainability. From food and energy security to human and environmental health, water contributes to improvements in social well-being and inclusive growth, affecting the livelihoods of billions.
    In a sustainable world that is achievable in the near future, water and related resources are managed in support of human well-being and ecosystem integrity in a robust economy. Sufficient and safe water is made available to meet every person’s basic needs, with healthy lifestyles and behaviors easily upheld through reliable and affordable water supply and sanitation services, in turn supported by equitably extended and efficiently managed infrastructure. Water resources management, infrastructure and service delivery are sustainably financed. Water is duly valued in all its forms, with wastewater treated as a resource that avails energy, nutrients and freshwater for reuse.
    Human settlements develop in harmony with the natural water cycle and the ecosystems that support it, with measures in place that reduce vulnerability and improve resilience to water-related disasters. Integrated approaches to water resources development, management and use − and to human rights − are the norm. Water is governed in a participatory way that draws on the full potential of women and men as professionals and citizens, guided by a number of able and knowledgeable organizations, within a just and transparent institutional framework.

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